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Dissociative disorders (DD) are conditions that involve disruptions or breakdowns of memory, awareness, identity, or perception. People with dissociative disorders use dissociation, a defense mechanism, pathologically and involuntarily. Dissociative disorders are thought to primarily be caused by psychological trauma. The dissociative disorders listed in the American Psychiatric Association's DSM-5 are as follows: * Dissociative identity disorder (formerly multiple personality disorder): the alternation of two or more distinct personality states with impaired recall among personality states. In extreme cases, the host personality is unaware of the other, alternating personalities; however, the alternate personalities are aware of all the existing personalities.〔 This category now includes the old derealization disorder category. * Dissociative amnesia (formerly psychogenic amnesia): the temporary loss of recall memory, specifically episodic memory, due to a traumatic or stressful event. It is considered the most common dissociative disorder amongst those documented. This disorder can occur abruptly or gradually and may last minutes to years depending on the severity of the trauma and the patient.〔Maldonando R.J. and Spiegel D. (2009). Dissociative Disorders. ''In The American Psychiatric Publishing: Board Review Guide for Psychiatry''(Chapter 22). Retrieved from http://books.google.ca/books?hl=en&lr=&id=RFazteXMaj8C&oi=fnd&pg=PA397&dq=Maldonado+JR,+et+al.+Dissociative+disorders.&ots=OOPwzv6IN4&sig=Xo7WlHv6pGUxMBwdpRNN3HnqBCo#v=onepage&q=Maldonado%20JR%2C%20et%20al.%20Dissociative%20disorders.&f=false〕 * Dissociative fugue (formerly psychogenic fugue) is now subsumed under the Dissociative amnesia category. It is described as reversible amnesia for personal identity, usually involving unplanned travel or wandering, sometimes accompanied by the establishment of a new identity. This state is typically associated with stressful life circumstances and can be short or lengthy.〔Schacter, D. L., Gilbert, D. T., & Wegner, D.M. (2011). ''Psychology: Second Edition'', pages 572-573 New York, NY: Worth.〕 * Depersonalization disorder: periods of detachment from self or surrounding which may be experienced as "unreal" (lacking in control of or "outside of" self) while retaining awareness that this is only a feeling and not a reality. * The old category of dissociative disorder not otherwise specified is now split into two: Other specified dissociative disorder, and unspecified dissociative disorder. These categories are used for forms of pathological dissociation that do not fully meet the criteria of the other specified dissociative disorders, or if the correct category has not been determined. Both dissociative amnesia and dissociative fugue usually emerge in adulthood and rarely occur after the age of 50. The ICD-10 classifies conversion disorder as a dissociative disorder〔 F44.9〕 while the DSM-IV classifies it as a somatoform disorder. == Cause and treatment == Dissociative identity disorder (multiple personality disorder) Cause: People with dissociative identity disorder usually have close relatives who have also had similar experiences.〔(Miller, 2010, p.1) Miller, J. (30 Dec 2010). Dissociative Disorders. 1-3. Retrieved May 5, 2015, from http://www.athealth.com/cinsumer/disorders/dissociative.html〕 Treatment: Long-term psychotherapy that helps the patient merge his/her multiple personalities into one personality. “The trauma of the past has to be explored and resolved with proper emotional expression. Hospitalization may be required if behavior becomes bizarre or destructive”.〔(Miller, 2010, p.2) Miller, J. (30 Dec 2010). Dissociative Disorders. 1-3. Retrieved May 5, 2015, from http://www.athealth.com/cinsumer/disorders/dissociative.html〕 Dissociative identity disorder has a tendency to recur over a period of several years, and may become less of a problem after mid-life.〔 Dissociative amnesia Cause: A way to cope with trauma. Treatment: Psychotherapy (e.g. talk therapy) counseling or psychosocial therapy which involves talking about your disorder and related issues with a mental health provider. Psychotherapy often involves hypnosis (help you remember and work through the trauma); creative art therapy (using creative process to help a person who cannot express his or her thoughts); cognitive therapy (talk therapy to identify unhealthy and negative beliefs/behaviors); and medications (antidepressants, anti-anxiety medications or tranquilizers). These medications help control the mental health symptoms associated with the disorders, but there are no medications that specifically treat dissociative disorders.〔(Mayo, 2011, p.11) (3 Mar 2011). Mayo Clinic. 1-12. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「dissociative disorder」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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